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UN0 ^ ~ w@ 4  m 1u 0cl @@ o#G?2U@DUo68V?n[V<\<\<\<\<\<\<\<\<\<\<\<\<\<\<\<\<\<\<\<\<\<\<\<\<\<\<\<\<\<\<\<\<\<\<\<\<\<\<\<\<\<\<\<\<\<\<\<\<\<\<\<\<\<\<\<\ 0\\\ D+>] 0Ki]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] Az^<6X9`("Courier 10cpiX* `(CG TimesScalable4 2Quick 1..0.. dTable_A&0 d d d(5hCEKQW]cioAutoList11.1.1.1.1.1.1.1.Table_B3|w^ (h$   XX֗XXXXeXXX֗HP LaserJet 6P/6MP - Enhanced0(uH Z6Times New Roman Regular*t8+ U{VEWEXY Z[\]^{+&vCorelU##37=CIQYag1.a.i.(1)(a)(i)1)a)(;3$2#  0  .3  0  C:\FPM\WPW\SNPLABS\TIME3.GIFWPC``LLL``   !!!"""###$$$%%%&&&'''((()))***+++,,,---...///000111222333444555666777888999:::;;;<<<===>>>???@@@AAABBBCCCDDDEEEFFFGGGHHHIIIJJJKKKLLLMMMNNNOOOPPPQQQRRRSSSTTTUUUVVVWWWXXXYYYZZZ[[[\\\]]]^^^___```aaabbbcccdddeeefffggghhhiiijjjkkklllmmmnnnooopppqqqrrrssstttuuuvvvwwwxxxyyyzzz{{{|||}}}~~~BL           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XX֗XXXXUXXX֗  'dxd( $ Figure  1  Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5\W[Z I&mage <=8C HKKKK !   XXVXXXXXXXV  _X;KXXX   'NAME_________________________________    THESKY&THEEARTHI  b   1.0 ' SetupStarryNightbyturningthedaylightoff[Sky,Daylight(off)],andturningonthe  d equatorialgrid[Guides,Equatorial,Grid].Usingthenavigationbarsatthebottom(forazimuth)andtheright(foraltitude),changetoazimuth3600,altitudeabout200.IntheTime  0 Tool,changetheTimeStepto1hour. '(#'(# mw9)%`z0ko `  ` E3` *` * m (#(#    sw?/+bz0Ge  `@E  RRs  (#(#0 ' Asyoustepforwardeachhour,noticeseveralthings.One,theRAofthescreencenteradvancesbyonehour(surprise!).Two,starsinthenorthwestaresetting,starsonthenortheastarerising.Three,thereisagroupofstarswhichsurroundthepole(calledcircumpolarstars)whichneverrisenorsetfromPhiladelphia. '(#'(# 0 ' Nowchangetoanazimuthof1800.Asyoustepforwardeachhour,noticethattherearestars  inthesoutheastrising,starsinthesouthwestsetting,andagroupofstarsinthesouth,belowthehorizon,whichwillneverrisenorsetasseenfromPhiladelphia. '(#'(# 2.0 ' Fillinthetablebelow.Youmayneedtochangetimeordate(intheTimeTool)orpositionon @ theEarth(LocationintheToolBox),andpositioninthesky(navigationbarsatthebottomandrightsideofthescreen). '(#'(# * ddd Xdd Xdd X(#(#,n0 , , ,0 +  , B =, 2 # 2  lXX;KPhiladelphia  Pennsylvania#X;KXl # ; ,!Z   ;lXX;K  Thule  Greenland ? ,!Z    ?  SingaporeMalacca#X;KXln # N ?'Z"  =   =NЀ1.Latitude 2 #/#  2 2 #/$  2 6 #/%  6 J ;#/& =    =JЀ2.AltitudeoftheNorthCelestialPole 2 #!'  2 2 #!(  2 6 #!)  6 J ;#!* =    =JЀ3.DeclinationoftheZenith 2 #'#w+  2 2 #'#w,  2 6 #'#w-  6 J ;#'#w. =    =JЀ4.Declinationrangeforcircumpolarstars 2 #$ /  2 2 #$ 0  2 6 #$ 1  6 J ;#$ 2 =    =JЀ5.Declinationrangefor"neverseen"stars 2 #o&!3  2 2 #o&!4  2 6 #o&!5  6  S D,o&!63 =    =SЀ6.TotalnumberofdaylighthoursonGSepGGJunG21 2 #(c#7  2 2 #(c#8  2 6 #(c#9   6 S D,(c#:3  =    =SЀ7.TotalnumberofdaylighthoursonDec21 2 #)%;  2 2 #)%<  2 6 #)%=  6 L ;#)%> =    mLЀ8.TotalnumberofdaylighthoursonHJunHHSepH21 4 #[+&?  4 4 #[+&@  4 6 #[+&A  63)'[+&B m     3 lXX;KԀ"...whenyouseetheSouthernCrossforthefirsttime,youunderstandnowwhyyoucamethisway." ]-(C ! '` w! ' fromSouthernCross,byCrosby,Stills,andNash .m)D ЇX;KXl3.0 ' Fromtheabovetable,whatrelationshipscanyoudrawbetweentheobserverslatitudeandthe b remainingobservedphenomena? '(#'(# 0 '  4. ' SupposeyouwantedtobuildanobservatoryatasiteontheEarthwherealloftheskywould    beobservablethroughouttheyear.Atwhatlatitudewouldyoubuildit?Explain. '(#'(# Starswhosedeclinationsrangebetweenthecircumpolar(alwaysvisible)andthe"neverseen"arestarswhichriseintheeastandsetinthewestnormally.Assuch,thesestarsreachamaximumaltitudeastheyreachameridianwhichpassesfromthenorthcelestialpolethroughthezenithdowntothesouthpoint.YoucantellStarryNighttodrawthismeridianbychoosing[Guides,Local,Meridian].Earlynavigatorsdeterminedtheirlatitudeataparticularpointduringavoyagefromaknowledgeofastar'sdeclination(printedintables)andanobservationofitsmaximumaltitude(withasextant).L 5h(#L 3   325h  5  .3  0 '   UsingLocationintheToolBox,returnhome.Movetoanazimuthof180oandanaltitudeof @ 30o.IntheTimeTool,changethestepto1minute.Stepaheadintimeuntilastar(anystaryou &v like)crossesthemeridian.PlacethecursoronitandrecordthestarsdeclinationintheTablebelow.Rightclickonthestar,chooseInfoWindowandrecordthestarsaltitudeV(withLocalVUUintheWtWXTXablebelow.Repeatfortwomorestars.3݌ '(#'(# Ќ   3   325h  6  .3  0 '   Changetoadifferentlatitude,say50o,andrepeat.3݌'(#'(# Ќ  * $d dn0 n  0 (#(#,d4 ,D4 ,D4 ,Dd +  5& p!  P}%5LATITUDE=400 F 3$!=!" FLATITUDE=____0 V G/!="" }% P   P]%VZDECLINATIONZYALTITUDEY ; ,!U##"  ;\ALTITUDE\[DECLINATION[ ; ,!U#$"  ;]DECLINATION]]ALTITUDE] ? ,!U#%"  ?^DECLINATION^^ALTITUDE^ S D,U#&" ]% P   P]%S 2 #$ '  2 2 #$ (  2 6 #$ )  6 J ;#$ * ]% P   P]%J 2 #%&u!+  2 2 #%&u!,  2 6 #%&u!-  6 L ;#%&u!. ]% P   P]UL 4 #'"/  4 4 #'"0  4 6 #'"1  63)''"2 ]U P    30 ' Finally,establishtherelationshipbetweenastarsdeclinationD,itsmaximumaltitudeA,andtheobserverslatitudeL. *%4'(#'(# Astronomicalphenomenaoftenplayamajorroleinimportant,andsometimestragichumanevents.Considerthetextinthefollowingtelegram0 ' 0` '(#'(#"DeeplyregretadviseyouTitanicsankthismorningaftercollision d` (#` (# 0 ' 0` '(#'(#withiceberg,resultinginseriouslossoflife.Fullparticularslater." ` (#` (# ThistelegramwaswiredonthemorningofApril15,1912,totheWhiteStarLines'NewYorkofficebyBruceIsmay,presidentofthesteamshipline.Hehadjustsurvivedoneofthegreatmaritimedisasters*inmodernhistory.In1985,Dr.RobertBallardoftheWoodsHoleOceanographicInstitutiondiscoveredthewreckoftheTitanicontheoceanfloorjustofftheedgeofthecontinentalshelfregionknownastheGrandBanks.Titanicnowrestsatnorthlatitude41o44',westlongitude ^  49o57'.SetStarryNighttothislocation(intheToolBox,Location,Lookup...,Titanic,OK,Set D  Location)andforApril15,2:00am,theapproximatetimethatTitanicfoundered. *z  7.0 ' Inlifeboat#13thatnightwasLawrenceBeesley,acollegescienceteacher.Hereported F unusuallyclearconditions,soclearthatthehazenormallypresentnearthehorizonwasabsent.Some10to20milesnorthoftheTitaniclaythesteamerCalifornian.Using[Sky,Horizon]  switchoffthehorizonsinceweareatsea.TellStarryNighttodrawahorizonline,likeawaterline,byusing[Guides,Local,HorizonLine].Changetheazimuthto360o(thisisnorth)and  commentontheviewofthenorthernhorizonthatofficersofthesinkingTitanichadtowards t theCalifornian.Anyunusuallybrightstarswhichcouldhavebeenmistakenforaship?)Z'(#'(# 8.0 ' CommentontheviewthattheCalifornianhadtowardsthesinkingTitanicbychangingthe ( azimuthto180o.ItisperplexingtothisdaywhytheCaliforniandidnotrespondtotherockets  thedoomedshiplaunched.CouldthecrewoftheCalifornianhavebeenconfusedbyanybright  starsnearthehorizonthatmorning? '(#'(# 9.0 ' Beesleyreportedthat%X $'(#'(# 0 ' 0` '(#'(#"thestarsdied,slowlysaveonewhichremainedlongaftertheothersjust ` (#` (# 0 ' 0` '(#'(#abovethehorizon;andnearby,withthecrescentturnedtowardsthenorth, ` (#` (#  '  ` andthelowerhornjusttouchingthehorizon,thethinnest,palestofmoons."0 ' Stepforwardintime,watchingtheeasternhorizontofixthetimeofBeesley'sobservationandtoidentifytheonebright'star'whichsurvivedthedawn.______________________ '(#'(# *itisironicthattheword"disaster"isderivedfromtheLatinformof"badstar" -n(- Ї10.0 '   InSeptemberandOctoberofeachyearasobservedinthemiddlelatitudes(likePhiladelphia), b theMooninitsphasesnearfullappearstoriseintheEastatapproximatelythesametime(wellwithinanhour)eachevening.Thisisknownasthe"HarvestMoon",presumablybecausefarmerscouldusethisadditionallightfromtheMoontoextendtheirworkdayatthisverybusytimeofharvest.1 '(#'(#   0 ' VerifythisphenomenonbysettingStarryNighttoSeptember30,2000,anddeterminethetimewhentheMoonrisesonthefollowingfourevenings: '(#'(# *'` '9*0'` '` X00 ' Moonrise0` '(#'(#0 ` (#` (#September300 (# (#_____________x (#(# 0 '  `  October10'(#'(#_____________D (#(# 0 '  `  October20'(#'(#_____________`(#(# 0 '  `  October30'(#'(#_____________,(#(# 0 '  11. ' ItiscommonlyobservedthatthefullMoonisseenforamuchlongertimeduringwinternights  thaninsummernights.VerifythisphenomenonbydeterminingthenumberofhoursandminutestheMoonisintheskyonthefollowingtwofullMoonnights: '(#'(# 0 ' FullMoon0 '(#'(#June620010 (# (#_____________&v(#(#  '  `  December2920010  _____________B(#(# 1'` X'` 311'` 4'` X11'` X'` J81  :(#, ,XX;K, , ,,24September2000XX ,,