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C@HX@Q@HH ` CX PQXP<`,B<PQ,P(J$  XIXX@HXIXXXIHP LaserJet 6P/6MP - Enhanced0UY) EEUEE:+&vCorelUfY)fY)fY)fY)Y)fY)Y)fY)Y)Y)Y)Y)-Y)fY)C:\FPM\WPW\SNPLABS\FORWARD.GIFWPC````   !!!"""###$$$%%%&&&'''((()))***+++,,,---...///000111222333444555666777888999:::;;;<<<===>>>???@@@AAABBBCCCDDDEEEFFFGGGHHHIIIJJJKKKLLLMMMNNNOOOPPPQQQRRRSSSTTTUUUVVVWWWXXXYYYZZZ[[[\\\]]]^^^___```aaabbbcccdddeeefffggghhhiiijjjkkklllmmmnnnooopppqqqrrrssstttuuuvvvwwwxxxyyyzzz{{{|||}}}~~~ @>C:\FPM\WPW\SNPLABS\FORWARD.GIFC:\fpm\wpw\snplabs\forward.GIF8\@ ̤x ) (5hCEKQW]cioAutoList11.1.1.1.1.1.1.1.##37=CIQYag1.a.i.(1)(a)(i)1)a)(;3$2#  0  .3  0  qY)fY)fY)fY)fY)Y)Y)Y)fY),Y)fY)qY);Y)fY)fY)fY)fY)Y)Y)Y),Y)fY):C:\FPM\WPW\SNPLABS\FORWARD.GIFWPC````   !!!"""###$$$%%%&&&'''((()))***+++,,,---...///000111222333444555666777888999:::;;;<<<===>>>???@@@AAABBBCCCDDDEEEFFFGGGHHHIIIJJJKKKLLLMMMNNNOOOPPPQQQRRRSSSTTTUUUVVVWWWXXXYYYZZZ[[[\\\]]]^^^___```aaabbbcccdddeeefffggghhhiiijjjkkklllmmmnnnooopppqqqrrrssstttuuuvvvwwwxxxyyyzzz{{{|||}}}~~~ 9@>C:\FPM\WPW\SNPLABS\FORWARD.GIFC:\fpm\wpw\snplabs\forward.GIF8\@ ̤x ) ,Y)Y)fY)qY)qY)(uH Z6Times New Roman RegularY)Y)Y)Y)Y)Y)Y)Y)Y)Y)Y)Y)Y)Y)Y)Y)Y),Y)j)fY)Y)(f3$ !  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X XX@HX XXX   _  -X,` XX-Name__________________________________      THE_PENUMBRAL_ԀLUNARECLIPSEOF30DECEMBER2001&THE_SAROS_  b     1.0  SetupStarryNightfortheeclipsebyselectinganequatorialorientation,andturningoffthe  d daylight.Thensetthetimefor12:00:01AMonDecember30,2001.Findand_Centre_/LockontheMoon.Use[Settings,Planet/Sun,Earth/Moontargets(on),EnlargeMoonsize(off),andGuides(on),OK]. (#(# 0  StepaheadseveralhourstolettheMoonapproachtheoutergreenshadow,thepenumbra,oftheEarth.Thenchangethefieldofviewto5degrees. (#(# 0  Moveforward(orbackward)inhoursandminutestofindthecontacttimesforthiseclipse,andcircleAforAMorPforPM.Asyoudetermineeachcontacttime,recordalsotheMoonsaltitude. (#(# 0  0(#(#Eclipsedate򀀀12/30/20010(#(#0(#(#Eclipsetype򀀀partial_penumbral_Ԁ󀀀,(#(# 0  0(#(#X XXX CT1򀀀h󀀀m#X XXX #A/P0(#(#X XXX CT2򀀀XhXm#X XXX f#X XXX ԀA/P#X XXX #0(#(#X XXX CT3򀀀Xh󀀀Xm#X XXX $#BX XXX ԀA/P#X XXBX #0 (#(#X XXX CT4򀀀h󀀀m#X XXX #EX XXX ԀA/P#X XXEX L# (# (#      `     h 0  0(#(#0p(#(#tp(#p(#      `  Sincethisisa_penumbral_Ԁeclipse,thereisnoCT2orCT3.0  0(#(#Altitude򀀀o0(#(#X XXX Altitude򀀀Xo#X XXX A #0(#(#X XXX Altitude򀀀Xo#X XXX #0 (#(#X XXX Altitude򀀀o#X XXX / # \ (# (# 0  Fromanexaminationofthesealtitudes,howmuchofthiseclipsewouldbevisiblefrom_Villanova_? (#(# 0  Estimatethetimeofthemiddleoftheeclipse,thenrecordtheJuliandate. (#(# 0  0(#(#X XXX Mideclipsetime򀀀h󀀀m#X XXX #FX XXX ԀA/P#X XXFX f #0(#(#0(#(#JD򀀀%>!%(#(# L 5h(#!L "3   sw?/+bz00% `@E*Y7*JJs"325h  2  .3  0    Asyoufoundfromthesolareclipseexperiment,wecansearchforeclipsesbymovingforward (#( intimebyonelunarmonth,whichbringsustothenextfullMoon.Changethetimestepto001andlunarmonths,thenstepaheadonce.Changethefieldofviewto15degrees,andnoticetheMoonagainneartheshadowoftheEarth.Changethetimebyhourstoseeifthereisaneclipse.Ifnot,continuethepatternofsteppingbyonelunarmonth,thenadjustingthehourstoseeifaneclipseoccurs.Whenyoufindaneclipse,completetherestofthissection."33݌ (#(# Ќ   .T). #X XXX 0  Moveforward(orbackward)in#X XX#X *#X XXX hoursandminutes#X XXX ##X XXX Ԁtofindthecontacttimesforthiseclipse. b (Changethefieldofviewto5degrees).Asyoudetermineeachcontacttime,recordalsotheMoonsaltitude. (#(# 0  0(#(#Eclipsedate򀀀0h(#(#0h(#h(#Eclipsetype򀀀󀀀 J(#(# 0  0(#(##X XX#X #$X XXX CT1򀀀h󀀀m#X XX$X #GX XXX ԀA/P#X XXGX c##X XXX 0(#(##X XX#X #%X XXX CT2򀀀h󀀀m#X XX%X #HX XXX ԀA/P#X XXHX h##X XXX 0(#(##X XX#X #&X XXX CT3򀀀h󀀀m#X XX&X #IX XXX ԀA/P#X XXIX m##X XXX 0 (#(##X XX#X #'X XXX CT4򀀀h󀀀m#X XX'X #JX XXX ԀA/P#X XXJX r##X XXX    (# (# 0  0(#(#Altitude򀀀o0(#(##X XX#X #(X XXX Altitude򀀀o#X XX(X o##X XXX 0(#(##X XX#X #)X XXX Altitude򀀀o#X XX)X '##X XXX 0 (#(##X XX#X #*X XXX Altitude򀀀o#X XX*X ##X XXX ^  (# (# 0  Fromanexaminationofthesealtitudes,howmuchofthiseclipsewouldbevisiblefrom_Villanova_? (#(# X#X XX#X A#,X XXX 0  Estimatethetimeofthemiddleoftheeclipse,thenrecordtheJuliandate.t(#(# 0  0(#(##X XX,X Z#-X XXX Mideclipsetime򀀀h󀀀m#X XX-X :#LX XXX ԀA/P#X XXLX #,X XXX 0(#(#0(#(#JD򀀀@(#(# #X XX,X ##X XXX  "3   "325h  3  .3  0    Repeatpart2abovetodeterminethecircumstancesofthenextlunareclipse."3݌B(#(# Ќ  #X XX#X #.X XXX 0  0(#(#Eclipsedate򀀀0h(#(#0h(#h(#Eclipsetype򀀀󀀀(#(# 0  0(#(##X XX.X  #0X XXX CT1򀀀h󀀀m#X XX0X G!#MX XXX ԀA/P#X XXMX !#.X XXX 0(#(##X XX.X !#1X XXX CT2򀀀h󀀀m#X XX1X L"#NX XXX ԀA/P#X XXNX "#.X XXX 0(#(##X XX.X "#2X XXX CT3򀀀h󀀀m#X XX2X Q##OX XXX ԀA/P#X XXOX ##.X XXX 0 (#(##X XX.X $#3X XXX CT4򀀀h󀀀m#X XX3X V$#PX XXX ԀA/P#X XXPX $#.X XXX p!  (# (# 0  0(#(#Altitude򀀀o0(#(##X XX.X %#4X XXX Altitude򀀀o#X XX4X %#.X XXX 0(#(##X XX.X *&#5X XXX Altitude򀀀o#X XX5X &#.X XXX 0 (#(##X XX.X &#6X XXX Altitude򀀀o#X XX6X 8'#.X XXX "$r# (# (# 0  Fromanexaminationofthesealtitudes,howmuchofthiseclipsewouldbevisiblefrom_Villanova_? (#(# #X XX.X '#7X XXX 0  Estimatethetimeofthemiddleoftheeclipse,thenrecordtheJuliandate. (#(# 0  0(#(##X XX7X (#8X XXX Mideclipsetime򀀀h󀀀m#X XX8X })#QX XXX ԀA/P#X XXQX )#7X XXX 0(#(#0(#(#JD򀀀.T).(#(# #X XX7X B*#L 5h(( L#X XXX  / +0 L 5h(( L#X XX#X b+#]X XXX 4.0  Repeatpart2abovetodeterminethecircumstancesofthenextlunareclipse.b(#(# #X XX]X ,#_X XXX 0  0(#(#Eclipsedate򀀀0h(#(#0h(#h(#Eclipsetype򀀀󀀀. ~(#(# 0  0(#(##X XX_X ,#`X XXX CT1򀀀h󀀀m#X XX`X .#aX XXX ԀA/P#X XXaX u.#_X XXX 0(#(##X XX_X .#bX XXX CT2򀀀h󀀀m#X XXbX /#cX XXX ԀA/P#X XXcX z/#_X XXX 0(#(##X XX_X /#dX XXX CT3򀀀h󀀀m#X XXdX 0#eX XXX ԀA/P#X XXeX 0#_X XXX 0 (#(##X XX_X 0#fX XXX CT4򀀀h󀀀m#X XXfX 1#gX XXX ԀA/P#X XXgX 1#_X XXX  0 (# (# 0  0(#(#Altitude򀀀o0(#(##X XX_X 1#hX XXX Altitude򀀀o#X XXhX 2#_X XXX 0(#(##X XX_X 2#iX XXX Altitude򀀀o#X XXiX E3#_X XXX 0 (#(##X XX_X 3#jX XXX Altitude򀀀o#X XXjX 3#_X XXX   (# (# 0  Fromanexaminationofthesealtitudes,howmuchofthiseclipsewouldbevisiblefrom_Villanova_? (#(# #X XX_X _4#kX XXX 0  Estimatethetimeofthemiddleoftheeclipse,thenrecordtheJuliandate. (#(# 0  0(#(##X XXkX g5#lX XXX Mideclipsetime򀀀h󀀀m#X XXlX B6#mX XXX ԀA/P#X XXmX 6#kX XXX 0(#(#0(#(#JD򀀀#X XXkX 7#t(#(# nX XXX 5.0  Repeatpart2abovetodeterminethecircumstancesofthenextlunareclipse.&v(#(# #X XXnX 7#pX XXX 0  0(#(#Eclipsedate򀀀0h(#(#0h(#h(#Eclipsetype򀀀󀀀B(#(# 0  0(#(##X XXpX {8#qX XXX CT1򀀀h󀀀m#X XXqX 9#rX XXX ԀA/P#X XXrX *:#pX XXX 0(#(##X XXpX p:#sX XXX CT2򀀀h󀀀m#X XXsX :#tX XXX ԀA/P#X XXtX /;#pX XXX 0(#(##X XXpX u;#uX XXX CT3򀀀h󀀀m#X XXuX ;#vX XXX ԀA/P#X XXvX 4<#pX XXX 0 (#(##X XXpX z<#xX XXX CT4򀀀h󀀀m#X XXxX <#yX XXX ԀA/P#X XXyX 9=#pX XXX  (# (# 0  0(#(#Altitude򀀀o0(#(##X XXpX =#zX XXX Altitude򀀀o#X XXzX B>#pX XXX 0(#(##X XXpX >#{X XXX Altitude򀀀o#X XX{X >#pX XXX 0 (#(##X XXpX \?#|X XXX Altitude򀀀o#X XX|X ?#pX XXX V"! (# (# 0  Fromanexaminationofthesealtitudes,howmuchofthiseclipsewouldbevisiblefrom_Villanova_? (#(# #X XXpX @#}X XXX 0  Estimatethetimeofthemiddleoftheeclipse,thenrecordtheJuliandate. (#(# 0  0(#(##X XX}X A#~X XXX Mideclipsetime򀀀h󀀀m#X XX~X A#X XXX ԀA/P#X XXX mB#}X XXX 0(#(#0(#(#JD򀀀#X XX}X B#8,',(#(#   .T). Itshouldbeverycleartoyouatthispointthatalthougheclipsescanoccureverysixmonthsorso, b theeclipsesarenotidentical.Earlycivilizations,notablytheBabyloniansandChinese,keptcarefulrecordsofeclipses,justasyouhavedonethusfartonight.Bycomparingeclipsedataovermanycenturies,theywereabletopredicttheappearanceofeclipses.Theynoticedthatalmostidenticaleclipsesseemtorecurafteratimeofabout18years,the_Saros_.  J sw9?/+bz0' `@E  JJs6.0  Changethefieldofviewto60degrees,andthetimestepto018years.Stepaheadonce.Add    somedays,thenhourstobringtheMoonascloseasyoucantothecenteroftheumbra.Noticethatthiseclipseisalmostidenticaltotheoneyoufoundinpart5.Changethefieldofviewto5degreesandestimatethemideclipsetime,thenrecordtheJuliandatebelow. (#(# X XXX 0  0(#(#Eclipsedate򀀀D (#(# #X XXX G#<X XXX 0  0(#(##X XX<X H#>X XXX Mideclipsetime򀀀h󀀀m#X XX>X H#RX XXX ԀA/P#X XXRX dI#<X XXX 0(#(#0(#(#JD򀀀F(#(# #X XX<X I#L 5h(( L7.0  FromthedifferenceinJuliandatesforthetwoeclipsesinthesame_Saros_Ԁ(parts5and6above),  calculatethedurationofthe_Saros_Ԁindays.Dividethisvalueby365todeterminethelengthofthe_Saros_Ԁinyears. (#(# 0  0(#(#_Saros_Ԁ=򀀀days=򀀀years@(#(# 0  Nowaddthenumberofdaysinthe_Saros_ԀtotheJDoftheeclipseyoufoundinpart6above.ThisshouldbetheJuliandateofthenexteclipseinthecycle. (#(# 0  0(#(#JDofthenexteclipse____________________ (#(# sw?/+bz0  `@E _"I "JJs8.0  Changethefieldofviewto60degrees.Add18yearstothedateoftheeclipseyoufoundinpart p!  6byX XXX steppingaheadonce.Then#X XXX O#X XXX addsomedays,thenhourstobringtheMoonascloseas V"! youcantothecenteroftheumbra#X XXX yO#.X XXX Changethefieldofviewto5degreesandestimatethemid <#" eclipsetime,thenrecordtheJuliandatebelow#X XXX ,P#"$r#(#(# YX XXX 0  0(#(#Eclipsedate򀀀%>!%(#(# #X XXYX Q#SX XXX 0  0(#(##X XXSX Q#UX XXX Mideclipsetime򀀀h󀀀m#X XXUX !R#VX XXX ԀA/P#X XXVX R#SX XXX 0(#(#0(#(#JD򀀀(#((#(# #X XXSX R#  R+&+   SAswefoundforsolareclipsesinanearlierexperiment,lunareclipsestoocanserveasakindofcosmicclockallowinghistorianstoestablishthedateofimportantevents.In413BC,alunareclipseaffectedtheoutcomeoftheBattleofSyracuse.InthePeloponnesianWarbetweenAthensandSparta,theAthenianshadamajorforcenearSyracuseinSicily.Commander_Nicias_Ԁwasincharge.TheGreekbiographerandessayistPlutarchtakesupthestory:0  "TheAtheniansoldiersheardthenewsthatthe_Syracusans_ԀhadjustreceivedmoremenandsuppliesfromthefickleSicilians,whonowwerebackingSyracuseagain._Nicias_Ԁ_realised_Ԁthatthesituationwashopeless,andhegaveorderstopackupandsailbacktoAthens.ButjustastheAthenianswereabouttohoistanchor,therewasaneclipseoftheMoon._Nicias_Ԁcalledoffthedepartureuntiltheomensweremore_favourable_." !! UItwasafataldelayfor_Nicias_Ԁwhoseforcesweredefeated.HewascapturedandstonedtodeathinSyracuse.Yearslater,theRomansusedalunareclipsetotheiradvantageatPydnain168BC,abattlecrucialtotheircontrolofGreece.1 , 9.0  Chooseafieldofviewof30degrees.Changethe_longiatitude_Ԁto15E,theapproximatelocation  ofSyracuse,Sicily.EnterthedateofthefirstfullMoonofthesummer:May31,413BC,sincehistoriansknowthatthebattlewaswagedinsummertime.Findthishistorictotaleclipse,zoominto5degrees,andenterthedateamideclipsetimebelow. (#(#   X XXX 0  0(#(#Eclipsedate򀀀0(#(##X XXX u[#X XXX Mideclipsetime򀀀h󀀀m#X XXX #\#X XXX ԀA/P#X XXX \#Ԁ \(#(# 1_http_://_news.bbc.co.uk_/hi/_english_/sci/tech/newsid_1106000/1106783._stm_ l*%* X XXX #X XXX ^#X XXX " " .(##X XXX F^#AX XXX A,w,XAX 114November2001#AX X,A,w^#Ԉ / +0  D0+1 #X XXAX ^#